Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom | Class 10 English Notes

Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom | Class 10 English Notes

   April 29, 2026       RSC

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 ABOUT THE LESSON:

The lesson is an extract from Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, describing the historic day of May 10, 1994. It highlights the swearing-in ceremony of Nelson Mandela as the first Black President of democratic South Africa. The event marked the official end of 'Apartheid,' a brutal system of racial discrimination against Black people. Mandela notes that the presence of international leaders signified a "common victory for justice, peace, and human dignity. He pays a heartfelt tribute to the countless African patriots who sacrificed their lives to end the oppression. Mandela teaches that courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. He explains that every man has dual duties—one to his family and one to his community and country. He reflects on how his understanding of freedom grew from a childhood "illusion" to a lifelong struggle for his people's rights. He uniquely argues that both the oppressor and the oppressed are robbed of their humanity and must be liberated. The lesson concludes with the vision of a new South Africa where everyone is treated equally regardless of their skin color.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (1918–2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader. He served as the first Black President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.In South Africa, he is often referred to as "Madiba" or the "Father of the Nation." He spent his life fighting against the institutionalized racism of the apartheid system. For his activism, he was imprisoned for 27 years, primarily on Robben Island. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize (along with F.W. de Klerk) for his work in peacefully ending apartheid. Mandela is globally recognized as a symbol of peace, forgiveness, and extraordinary resilience. This lesson is an excerpt from his famous autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, published in 1994. His life story inspires people worldwide to stand up against injustice and inequality.

ORAL COMPREHENSION CHECK - 1

Q1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone.

 Ans: The ceremonies took place in the lovely sandstone Amphitheatre formed by the Union Buildings in Pretoria. In India, several public buildings are made of sandstone, such as the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Red Fort, and the Parliament House in New Delhi.

Q2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa? 

Ans: South Africa is in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, the month of May falls in the autumn season there. Symbolically, it also marked the "autumn" or the end of the old, decaying system of apartheid and the birth of a new, vibrant democratic nation.

Q3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster”. What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious … human achievement” he speaks of at the end?

Ans: * The Extraordinary Human Disaster: Mandela refers to the practice of Apartheid, where Black people were treated brutally and denied basic human rights based on their skin color.

• The Glorious Human Achievement: He refers to the establishment of South Africa's first democratic, non-racial government, where all people are treated equally regardless of race.

Q4. What does Mandela thank the international leaders for? 

Ans: Mandela thanks the international leaders for coming to take possession with the people of South Africa of what is, after all, a common victory for justice, for peace, and for human dignity. Their presence signified that the world supported the end of apartheid.

Q5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa? 

Ans: Mandela pledges to liberate all his people from the continuing bondage of poverty, deprivation, suffering, gender, and other discrimination. He dreams of a land where the sun shall never set on so glorious a human achievement.

ORAL COMPREHENSION CHECK-2

Q:1.  What do the military generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why? 

Ans: The highest military generals of the South African defense force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude had changed significantly; years before, they would not have saluted him but would have arrested him. This change occurred because a new, democratic government had been formed, and Mandela was now the President of a free nation.

Q.2. Why were two national anthems sung?

Ans: Two national anthems were sung—the old anthem of the Republic (‘Die Stem’) and the new anthem of the Black population (‘Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika’). Mandela chose to have both sung to show that the new government respected all citizens equally, regardless of their skin color. It marked the transition from a divided, racist past to a unified, "rainbow nation" where the white and black populations could live together in harmony.

Q.3. How does Mandela describe the system of government in his country ?

(i)in the first decade

Ans: In the first decade the racial discrimination between the blacks and white, the whites set themselves on higher pedestal and created grounds for one of the gravest racial discrimination the world had ever known. The dark skinned were treated as inferior in their own land and were denied even basic human rights.

(ii) in the final decade of the twentieth century?

Ans: In the final decade of twentieth century the racial discrimination was eradicated and was replaced by equal rights for all, irrespective of their colour.

 

Q.4. What does courage mean to Mandela?

Ans: Mandela’s definition of courage did not mean absence of fear but victory over fear. A man should not be fearless. He should acknowledge the fear and gather courage to fight against it.

Q.5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?

Ans: It is natural for the human heart to love than to hate, according to Mandela.

ORAL COMPREHENSION CHECK - 3

Q1. What ‘twin obligations’ does Mandela mention?

Ans: Mandela mentions that every man has twin (two) obligations:

1. To his family: This includes his parents, his wife, and his children.

2. To his people: This includes his community and his country.

Q2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student? How does he contrast these ‘transitory freedoms’ with ‘the basic and honourable freedoms’? 

Ans: * As a boy: Freedom meant being able to run in the fields, swim in the clear stream, and roast mealies under the stars.

• As a student: He wanted "transitory freedoms"—personal freedoms like staying out late, reading what he pleased, and going where he chose.

• The Contrast: He contrasts these with "basic and honourable freedoms," which involve achieving one's potential, earning a living, marrying, and having a family—freedoms that are not obstructed by a law-abiding government but were denied under apartheid.

Q3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?

Ans: No, Mandela believes the oppressor is not free. He argues that an oppressor is a "prisoner of hatred" and is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. He famously stated that both the oppressor and the oppressed are alike robbed of their humanity.

Thinking about the Text

1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?

Ans: The Britishers ruled over various countries around the world and exploited them for their own gains. Nelson Mandela became the President of South Africa, after three hundred years of oppression. This signifies their win against the oppressors.

    The presence of international leaders signifies their appreciation of the struggle that Africa went through. It showed that all the nations around the world were standing in unity with Africa.

2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him?

Ans: Mandela was inspired by the passion of individuals and freedom fighters. He believed that those patriots who died, without their sacrifice, this would not have been possible. He held their sacrifice as well as the other citizens who sacrificed themselves for the nation at zenith. He paid tribute to all the lives who took part in freedom struggle and worked towards what they dreamed for Africa .

3. Would you agree that the “depths of oppression” create “heights of character? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?

Ans: Yes, I believe that “depths of oppression” create “heights of character.” It is when we face adverse situations. Such situations help us to come out of our comfort zone and discover the strength that lies deep within us. Nelson Mandela did the same. He was ready to sacrifice himself for the freedom of his nation. He spent 27 years in prison and then became the first President of independent South Africa.

4. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience?

Ans: Mandela was a part of an African neglected tribe. Mandela was concerned about his own freedom. He considered himself to be free since he wasn't imposed with any restrictions. He was just asked to abide by his father’s and communities' rules. As he grew up he realized his narrow view of freedom. He understood that it's not only his freedom that matters but also other fellow black members and the residents of the country. It was after this realized he joined ANC to achieve this aim.

5. How did Mandela’s ‘hunger for freedom’ change his life?

Ans: Realization about the importance of the freedom of the country made Mandela alert when he was young. He eventually realized that if the citizens of his country aren't free then his freedom is worthless. He held in his heart a desire for non-racial society irrespective of black or white. His own hunger for freedom grew into hunger for the freedom of his own people. Then he joined the African National Congress and eventually reached his goal.

1 MARK QUESTION AND ANSWERS.

1.When was the inauguration day?

Ans: 10th May 1994.

2. Where did the ceremonies take place? 

Ans: In the sandstone Amphitheatre of the Union Buildings in Pretoria.

3. What was the name of the system of racial discrimination in South Africa? 

Ans: Apartheid.

4. Who was sworn in as the second deputy president? 

Ans: Mr. de Klerk.

5.Who was sworn in as the first deputy president? 

Ans: Thabo Mbeki.

6. How many years did Mandela spend in prison? 

Ans: 30 years (He mentions nearly three decades).

7. Which party did Nelson Mandela join? 

Ans: The African National Congress (ANC).

8. According to Mandela, what is a nation’s greatest wealth?

Ans: Its people (not gems and diamonds).

9. How does Mandela define courage? 

Ans: Courage is the triumph over fear, not the absence of it.

10. What are the "twin obligations" every man has? 

Ans: Obligations to his family and obligations to his country/people.

11. What colors did the new South African flag possess? 

Ans: Black, red, green, blue, and gold.

12. Why were two national anthems sung? 

Ans: To symbolize equality and the unity of blacks and whites.

13. What "extraordinary human disaster" does Mandela refer to? 

Ans: The practice of Apartheid.

14. What does Mandela say about a man who takes away another man's freedom? 

Ans: He is a prisoner of hatred.

15. What is the title of Nelson Mandela’s autobiography? 

Ans: Long Walk to Freedom.

16. What produced "men of extraordinary courage, wisdom, and generosity"? 

Ans: Decades of oppression and brutality.

17. Is a person born hating another according to Mandela? 

Ans: No, people must learn to hate; and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love.

18. Which season did the 10th of May fall in South Africa? 

Ans: Autumn.

19. What did the smoke trail of Impala jets symbolize?

Ans: The new South African flag.

20. Who is a "brave man" according to Mandela? 

Ans: One who conquers his fear.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. On which day did the inauguration ceremony take place? 

A) 10 May

B) 10 March

C) 20 May

D) 20 March

Ans: A) 10 May

2. What was the venue of the inauguration?

A) Parliament House

B) Union Buildings Amphitheatre

C) Robben Island

D) Johannesburg Stadium

Ans: B) Union Buildings Amphitheatre

3. How many years did Mandela spend in prison?

A) 20 years

B) 27 years

C) 30 years

D) 15 years

Ans: C) 30 years (Note: He mentions "nearly three decades")

4. The system of "Apartheid" was based on: 

A) Religion

B) Language

C) Race

D) Gender

Ans: C) Race

5. Who was sworn in as the First Deputy President?

A) Thabo Mbeki

B) Mr. de Klerk

C) Nelson Mandela

D) Oliver Tambo

Ans: A) Thabo Mbeki

6. What does "extraordinary human disaster" refer to in the speech?

A) World War II

B) The system of Apartheid

C) The Great Depression

D) A natural calamity

Ans: B) The system of Apartheid

7. According to Mandela, what is the greatest wealth of a nation? 

A) Diamonds

B) Gold

C) Its people

) Its military

Ans: C) Its people

8. What is the "triumph over fear" called?

A) Love

B) Courage

C) Liberty

D) Strength

Ans: B) Courage

9. Why were two national anthems sung? 

A) To prolong the ceremony

B) To show the musical talent of the country

C) To symbolize unity and equality

D) To respect the international guests

Ans: C) To symbolize unity and equality

10. What are the "twin obligations" Mandela talks about?

A) To work and to play

B) To family and to his people/country

C) To the law and to the church

D) To himself and to his friends

Ans: B) To family and to his people/country

11. A man who takes away another man’s freedom is:

A) A hero

B) Free himself

C) A prisoner of hatred

D) A revolutionary

Ans: C) A prisoner of hatred

12. Which party did Nelson Mandela join?

A) African National Party

B) African National Congress

C) South African Congress

D) International Peace Party

Ans: B) African National Congress (ANC)

13. What did Mandela realize about his childhood freedom? 

A) It was permanent

B) It was an illusion

C) It was a gift from his parents

D) It was better than adulthood

Ans: B) It was an illusion

14. The "depths of oppression" create: 

A) Heights of character

B) Poverty

C) Rebellion

D) Fear

Ans: A) Heights of character

15. What is the name of Mandela's autobiography?

A) My Experiments with Truth

B) Long Walk to Freedom

C) Freedom from Fear

D) The Story of My Life

Ans: B) Long Walk to Freedom

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The Sound of Music Part 2: The Shehnai of Bismillah Khan | Class 9 Notes

The Sound of Music Part 2: The Shehnai of Bismillah Khan | Class 9 Notes

   April 29, 2026       RSC

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 ABOUT THE LESSON

The lesson explores the life of Ustad Bismillah Khan and the evolution of the Shehnai from a folk instrument to a classical one.It begins with the story of Emperor Aurangzeb banning the Pungi due to its shrill sound, which was later perfected by a barber (nai) into the melodic Shehnai. The story traces Bismillah Khan’s journey from a young boy playing gilli-danda in Dumraon to becoming a world-renowned maestro.Bismillah Khan had the rare honor of greeting the nation with his Shehnai on August 15, 1947, at the Red Fort.  Despite global fame and winning the Bharat Ratna, he remained a simple man who loved his roots in Banaras and Dumraon more than anything else.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR/LEGEND: Ustad Bismillah Khan  

Born on March 21, 1916, in Dumraon, Bihar, into a family of traditional musicians. The Maestro: He was a world-renowned Indian musician credited with elevating the Shehnai from a traditional wedding instrument to the classical concert stage. The Highest Honor: In 2001, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian award. National Awards: He was a rare recipient of all top civilian honors, including the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan. He was the first Indian to be invited to perform at the prestigious Lincoln Centre Hall in the United States of America. Ustad Bismillah Khan passed away on August 21, 2006, at the age of 90 due to cardiac arrest.

III- THINKING ABOUT THE TEXT (Question & Answers)

Q1. Why did Aurangzeb ban the playing of the pungi? 

Ans: Emperor Aurangzeb banned the playing of the pungi in the royal residence because it had a shrill, unpleasant, and "unmusical" sound. He regarded it as a mere noise-maker.

Q2. How is a shehnai different from a pungi? 

Ans: A shehnai is an improved version of the pungi. It has a hollow stem that is longer and broader than the pungi. It also has seven holes on the body of the pipe. Unlike the shrill pungi, the shehnai produces soft and melodious sounds.

Q3. Where was the shehnai played traditionally? How did Bismillah Khan change this? 

Ans: Traditionally, the shehnai was part of the naubat (a traditional ensemble of nine instruments) found at royal courts. It was used primarily in temples and at weddings. Ustad Bismillah Khan changed this by bringing the instrument onto the classical stage and performing solo concerts.

Q4. When and how did Bismillah Khan get his big break? 

Ans: Bismillah Khan got his big break in 1938 with the opening of the All India Radio in Lucknow. He became an often-heard shehnai player on the radio, which brought him national fame.

Q5. Where did Bismillah Khan play the shehnai on 15 August 1947? Why was the event historic?

Ans: He played the shehnai from the Red Fort in Delhi. The event was historic because it was the day India gained independence from British rule. He was the first Indian to greet the nation with his music, playing Raag Kafi to an audience that included Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Q6. Why did Bismillah Khan refuse to start a shehnai school in the U.S.A.? 

Ans: He refused because of his deep love for India, specifically Banaras and the River Ganga. When his student promised to recreate the atmosphere of Banaras by building similar temples, Khan asked if he could also transport the River Ganga there. Since that was impossible, he chose to stay in his homeland.

1 MARK IMPORTANT QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

1. Who banned the playing of the pungi in the royal palace?

• Ans: Emperor Aurangzeb

2. Why was the pungi banned?

   • Ans: Because of its shrill and unpleasant sound.

3. Who transformed the pungi into the shehnai?

   • Ans: A barber (nai) who belonged to a family of professional musicians.

4. Where was the shehnai played for the first time?

   • Ans: In the Shah’s chambers (hence the name Shah-nai).

5. When was Bismillah Khan born?

   • Ans: March 21, 1916.

6. Which instrument did Bismillah Khan’s ancestors play?

   • Ans: They were professional shehnai players in the courts of the estate of Dumraon.

7. What was Bismillah Khan’s favorite place to practice music in solitude?

   • Ans: The banks of the River Ganga in Banaras.

8. In which year did Bismillah Khan get his big break on All India Radio?

   • Ans: 1938 (Lucknow).

9. Which raga did he play from the Red Fort on 15 August 1947?

   • Ans: Raag Kafi.

10. What is the name of the film for which Bismillah Khan composed a hit song?

    • Ans: Gunj Uthi Shehnai (Song: "Dil ka khilona hai toot gaya").

11. Why did Bismillah Khan fail to find interest in the film world?

    • Ans: He could not come to terms with the artificiality and glamour of the film world.

12. Which is India’s highest civilian award won by Bismillah Khan?

    • Ans: The Bharat Ratna (awarded in 2001).

13. What did Bismillah Khan love most besides music?

    • Ans: The cities of Banaras and Dumraon.

14. Where was the auditorium named after Bismillah Khan located?

    • Ans: In Tehran (Tahar Mosiquee Ustad Bismillah Khan).

15. What was Bismillah Khan's message to the people of India?

• Ans: He urged parents to teach their children music, calling it India’s richest heritage.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

1. What was the original name of the instrument that Aurangzeb banned?

A) Shehnai B) Pungi C) Flute D) Veena Ans: B) Pungi

2. The Shehnai was named after the 'Shah' and the 'Nai'. What does 'Nai' stand for? 

A) King B) Musician C) Barber D) Soldier Ans: C) Barber

3. Where did Bismillah Khan regularly go to sing the 'Chaita'? 

A) Red Fort B) Bihariji Temple C) Ganga Ghat D) Lucknow Radio Station 

Ans: B) Bihariji Temple

4. Bismillah Khan belongs to a well-known family of musicians from: 

A) Banaras B) Lucknow C) Dumraon D) Delhi Ans: C) Dumraon

5. In 1938, Bismillah Khan found his "big break" at: 

A) The Lincoln Centre B) All India Radio Lucknow C) The Red Fort D) The World Exposition

  Ans: B) All India Radio Lucknow

6. Which river's flowing waters inspired him to improvise and invent new ragas? 

A) Yamuna B) Ganga C) Narmada D) Kaveri Ans: B) Ganga

7. On August 15, 1947, Bismillah Khan became the first Indian to greet the nation with his:

A) Speech B) Shehnai C) Song D) Flute Ans: B) Shehnai

8. Why did Bismillah Khan refuse a film career after only two films? 

A) He was not getting paid well B) He hated acting C) He couldn't handle the artificiality and glamour D) He was too busy with concerts 

Ans: C) He couldn't handle the artificiality and glamour

9. In which year was Ustad Bismillah Khan awarded the Bharat Ratna? 

A) 1999 B) 2001 C) 2005 D) 1947 Ans: B) 2001

10. What does Bismillah Khan consider to be India's richest heritage? 

A) Diamonds and Gold B) Ancient Temples C) Music D) The Ganga River 

Ans: C) Music

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The Last Lesson Class 12 English: Summary, Questions & Answers

The Last Lesson Class 12 English: Summary, Questions & Answers

   April 29, 2026       RSC

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 ABOUT THE LESSON--

"The Last Lesson" by Alphonse Daudet depicts the emotional final French class in an Alsatian school after a Prussian order bans the native language, highlighting the profound value of linguistic identity.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR--

Alphonse Daudet (1840–1897) was a prominent French novelist and short-story writer. He is celebrated for his realistic and often sentimental depictions of French life. In "The Last Lesson," he masterfully captures the spirit of patriotism and the cultural impact of the Franco-Prussian War on the people of Alsace.

Think As You Read (Short Answers)

Q1: What was Franz expected to be prepared with for school that day?

Ans: Franz was expected to be prepared with a lesson on participles. His teacher, M. Hamel, had announced that he would question the students on the topic, but Franz didn't know the first word about them.

Q2: What did Franz notice that was unusual about the school that day?

Ans: Usually, the school was a scene of great bustle, with the sound of opening and closing desks and lessons repeated in unison. That day, however, everything was as quiet as a Sunday morning. Most surprisingly, the village elders were sitting quietly on the back benches.

Q3: What had been put up on the bulletin board?

Ans: For the last two years, all bad news had come from the bulletin board. That day, an order had come from Berlin stating that only German would be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine, replacing French.

Q4: What changes did the order from Berlin cause in school that day?

Ans: The school was strangely quiet and solemn. M. Hamel wore his fine Sunday clothes (green coat, frilled shirt, and silk cap).The back benches, usually empty, were occupied by village people like Old Hauser and the former Mayor. M. Hamel was unusually kind and gentle instead of scolding Franz for being late.

Q5: How did Franz’s feelings about M. Hamel and school change?

Ans: Upon realizing it was his last French lesson, Franz’s "cranky" teacher suddenly seemed like a poor man making a sacrifice. His books, which had felt like a burden, now felt like old friends. He forgot all about M. Hamel’s ruler and crankiness, feeling only sorrow that he was leaving.

Talking about the text (Longer Answers)

Q: "When a people are enslaved, as long as they hold fast to their language it is as if they had the key to their prison." Explain.

Ans: M. Hamel emphasizes that language is the most beautiful, clearest, and most logical thing in the world. He believes that a mother tongue is a symbol of identity and freedom. As long as a conquered people keep their language alive, they maintain a sense of unity and cultural pride that the oppressor cannot truly imprison. To lose one's language is to lose the "key" to one's own identity.

Q: How does Franz realize the importance of his mother tongue?

Ans: Franz realizes the importance too late. He used to procrastinate, thinking there was "plenty of time" to learn. When the right to learn French was taken away by the Prussian order, he felt a sudden pang of guilt. He understood that his language was not just a school subject, but a part of who he was as a Frenchman.

Very Short Answer Type (1 Mark each)

Q.1: Who is the author of 'The Last Lesson'? 

Ans: Alphonse Daudet.

Q.2: What is the name of the river mentioned in the lesson? 

Ans: The Saar.

Q.3: For how many years had M. Hamel served the school?

Ans: Forty years.

Q.4: What was the name of the black-smith in the story?

Ans: Wachter.

Q.5: What did M. Hamel bring for his students on his last day?

Ans: New copies with "France, Alsace, France, Alsace" written on them in a beautiful round hand.

Q.6: What does the phrase "Vive La France" mean? 

Ans: "Long Live France!"

Q.7: Who sat on the back benches of the classroom on the last day?

Ans: The village elders (Old Hauser, the former mayor, the former postmaster, and others).

Q.8:Who is the narrator of the story?

Ans: Franz

Q.9: In which district was the school situated?

Ans: Alsace

Q.10: What was the name of the teacher?

Ans: M. Hamel

Q.11: Which language was banned in the schools?

Ans: French

Q.12: Which language was to be taught instead?

Ans: German

Q.13: What did M. Hamel wear on his head?

Ans: Silk cap

Q.14: Who sat on the back benches?

Ans: Villagers

Q.15:For how many years did M. Hamel teach?

Ans: Forty years

Q.16: What was the blacksmith’s name?

Ans: Wachter

Q.17: What did Franz see on the bulletin board?

Ans: Crowd

Q.18: What did M. Hamel write on the board?

Ans: Vive La France

Q.19:What is the Saar?

Ans: A river

Q.20: What were the Prussian soldiers doing? 

Ans: Drilling

Short Answer Type (2 Marks each)

Q.1: Why did M. Hamel not scold Franz for being late that morning?

Ans: It was M. Hamel's last day teaching French. He was filled with sadness and solemnity, choosing to be kind rather than strict because he wanted to teach his final lesson with patience and love for the language.

Q.2: What did M. Hamel say about the French language? 

Ans: He said that French was the most beautiful language in the world—the clearest and the most logical. He urged his students to guard it among themselves and never forget it.

Q.3: What was Old Hauser holding and why was it significant?

Ans: Old Hauser was holding an old primer, thumbed at the edges. It was significant because it showed that even the elderly villagers regretted not learning their mother tongue when they had the chance and wanted to pay their respects to the language.

Q.4: Whom did M. Hamel blame for the neglect of learning French? 

Ans: He blamed the parents (who preferred children to work on farms), the students (who put off learning), and himself (for sending students to water his flowers or giving them a holiday when he wanted to go fishing).

Q.5: What was the "thunderclap" to Franz? 

Ans: The announcement by M. Hamel that an order had come from Berlin to teach only German in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine was a "thunderclap" to Franz. It was a shocking and unexpected realization that he would no longer be able to learn his own language.

Long Answer Type (5 Marks each)

Q.1: Describe the scene in the classroom on the day of the last French lesson. 

Ans: The classroom on the last day was strikingly different from other days. Usually, there was a great bustle, but that day it was as quiet as a Sunday morning. M. Hamel was dressed in his best clothes—a beautiful green coat, frilled shirt, and a little black silk cap—which he only wore on inspection or prize days. Most movingly, the back benches were occupied by village elders, including Old Hauser and the former Mayor, who sat there as a mark of respect for their language and M. Hamel’s forty years of service. The atmosphere was one of deep solemnity, regret, and patriotism.

Q.2: How does Alphonse Daudet depict the theme of "Linguistic Chauvinism" in the story? 

Ans: Linguistic Chauvinism is the aggressive belief that one's own language is superior to others. In the story, this is depicted through the Prussian order that bans the teaching of French in Alsace and Lorraine. By forcing German onto the people, the victors try to enslave the minds of the conquered. M. Hamel counters this by explaining that a mother tongue is the "key to their prison." The story shows that language is not just a tool for communication but the very soul of a culture. When people are denied their language, they lose their identity and their heritage.

Q.3. Sketch the character of M.Hamel.

Ans: M.Hamel was a dedicated French teacher who served his school for forty years with dignity. Though initially seen as strict and "cranky" with his iron ruler, the final lesson reveals his deep patriotism. He bravely takes responsibility for the neglect of the French language and describes it as the most beautiful and logical in the world. His final act—writing "Vive La France!" on the blackboard—symbolizes his unwavering love for his country and mother tongue.

Q.4.Give a character Sketch of Little Franz.

Ans: Franz is the young, sensitive narrator of The Last Lesson. Initially, he is portrayed as a typical school boy who is more interested in the outdoors and the drilling of Prussian soldiers than his French lessons. He struggles with procrastination, often putting off his studies for "tomorrow." However, the order from Berlin to ban French serves as a "thunderclap" that transforms his perspective.

        His indifference turns into deep regret and patriotism. He suddenly views his books as old friends and M. Hamel as a respected figure rather than a "cranky" teacher. Franz’s innocent observation about the pigeons singing in German highlights the tragedy of linguistic oppression. Ultimately, he represents the late realization of the value of one's mother tongue and cultural identity.

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Footprints Without Feet: The Story of Griffin, the Invisible Scientist | Class 10 Notes

Footprints Without Feet: The Story of Griffin, the Invisible Scientist | Class 10 Notes

   April 26, 2026       RSC

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About the author:

Herbert George Wells (1866–1946), commonly known as H.G. Wells, was a prolific English writer often called the "father of science fiction." He is renowned for imaginative classics like The Time Machine and The War of the Worlds.

About the lesson:

The story follows Griffin, a brilliant but lawless scientist who discovers a way to make himself invisible. Instead of using his discovery for the welfare of society, he uses it to commit theft and escape consequences, proving that scientific power without morality leads to self-destruction.

Brief Summary:

Griffin, a brilliant scientist, discovers a drug that makes the human body as transparent as glass. However, he is a "lawless person." After setting fire to his landlord's house in revenge, he becomes a homeless wanderer in London. To survive the cold, he steals clothes and food. He eventually takes shelter in an inn at Iping, but his strange appearance and temper arouse suspicion. When his money runs out, he resorts to burglary, leading to a final confrontation where he sheds his clothes to become invisible and escapes once again.

Characters in the Story:

Griffin: The protagonist; a brilliant but eccentric and lawless scientist who discovers invisibility.

Mrs. Hall: The owner of the inn at Iping; she is friendly but becomes suspicious of Griffin’s strange behavior.

Mr. Jaffers: The village constable who tries to arrest the "headless" scientist.

The Clergyman & his Wife: Victims of Griffin’s burglary in Iping.

Read and Find Out (Part 1)

Q: How did the invisible man become invisible? 

Ans: Griffin swallowed certain rare drugs that made his body as transparent as a sheet of glass, though it remained as solid as glass.

Q: Why was he wandering the streets? 

Ans: He was a homeless wanderer because he had set fire to his landlord's house and had to remove his clothes to escape without being seen.

Read and Find Out (Part 2)

Q: Why does Mrs. Hall find the scientist eccentric?

Ans: Mrs. Hall finds Griffin eccentric for several reasons: He arrives at an inn in mid-winter, which is an unusual time for visitors. His appearance is strange, with his face covered in bandages and dark glasses. He has no desire to talk and explicitly tells her he desires solitude and does not want to be disturbed.

Q: What curious episode occurs in the study?

Ans: A clergyman and his wife are awakened by the chink of money being taken from the clergyman's desk. Although they hear the sound of the coins and see the desk open, the room appears to be completely empty. The thief is invisible, making it a very "curious episode."

Q: What other extraordinary things happen at the inn?

Ans: Several strange events occur: The bedroom chair suddenly becomes alive and attacks Mrs. Hall. Griffin’s door, which is usually locked, is found wide open. Most shockingly, Griffin later reveals himself by removing his bandages, whiskers, and spectacles, appearing as a "headless" man before the terrified villagers.

Think About It:

Q1. “Griffin was rather a lawless person.” Comment. 

Ans: Griffin was a brilliant scientist but lacked a moral compass. He used his discovery for personal revenge by burning his landlord's house. Instead of contributing to science, he used invisibility to steal clothes, food, and money, and even attacked innocent people, proving he had no respect for the law.

Q2. How would you assess Griffin as a scientist?

 Ans: As a scientist, Griffin was undoubtedly brilliant and dedicated, as he successfully discovered the formula for invisibility. However, he was a "mad scientist" because he lacked the ethics to use his invention for the good of humanity.

Talk About It:

Q1. Would you like to become invisible? What are the advantages and disadvantages? 

Ans: While the idea is exciting, invisibility brings both pros and cons.

Advantages: One could help people in secret, catch criminals, or explore restricted places.

Disadvantages: As seen in the story, it can lead to loneliness, cold (as you must be naked), and the temptation to do wrong.

Extra 1 Mark Question Answer:

A. Who was Griffin? 

Ans: A brilliant but lawless scientist.

B. Where did he stay in Iping? 

Ans: At the Coach and Horses inn.

C. What did he steal from the clergyman’s house?

Ans: Money.

D. Who was Mr. Jaffers?

Ans: The village constable of Iping.

E. Why was Griffin's body solid like glass? 

Ans: Because of the rare drug he swallowed.

F. Why did the two boys in London follow the muddy footprints?

Ans: They were fascinated because the fresh, muddy footprints were appearing seemingly out of nowhere without a visible person making them.

G. What was the name of the shop where Griffin stole the bandages and dark glasses?

Ans: The shop was located in the theatrical company in Drury Lane.

H. Why did Griffin have to take off his newly found clothes in London? 

Ans: He had to become invisible again to escape from the shop assistants who had discovered him sleeping in the store.

I. What did Griffin use to hit Mrs. Hall and her husband? 

Ans: He used a bedroom chair which appeared to become "alive" and pushed them out of the room.

J. Why was it a "bad time of year" to be invisible in London? 

Ans: It was mid-winter, and without clothes, Griffin was shivering and suffering from the extreme cold.

MCQs with Answer Key:

Q1. Griffin discovered a drug that made him: 

A) Brave B) Invisible C) Intelligent D) Strong

Q2. What did Griffin do to his landlord's house? 

A) Painted it B) Sold it C) Set it on fire D) Cleaned it

Q3. The shop Griffin entered in London for clothes was a: 

A) Medical store B) Big department store C) Toy shop D) Grocery store

Q4. Where did Griffin decide to go to escape the crowded London?

A) Paris B) Iping C) Oxford D) Cambridge

Q5. What was the name of the Innkeeper's wife?

A) Mrs. Hall B) Mrs. Pumphrey C) Mrs. Higgins D) Mrs. Joe

Q6. Griffin’s face was covered with: 

A) A mask B) Bandages C) Paint D) A scarf

Q7. The constable Mr. Jaffers had to arrest a man:

A) With no legs B) With no arms C) With no head D) With no eyes

Q8. The "curious episode" took place in the: 

A) Bedroom B) Kitchen C) Study D) Garden

Q9. Mrs. Hall was convinced the room was haunted by: 

A) Ghosts B) Spirits C) Spirits and furniture D) Scientists

Q10. How did Griffin finally escape from the constable?

A) By running fast B) By jumping out a window C) By taking off all his clothes D) By fighting back

Answer Key

1-B, 2-C, 3-B, 4-B, 5-A, 6-B, 7-C, 8-C, 9-C, 10-C

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"FIRE AND ICE"........CLASS 10 (CBSE) ENGLISH -FIRST FLIGHT ROBERT FROST

"FIRE AND ICE"........CLASS 10 (CBSE) ENGLISH -FIRST FLIGHT ROBERT FROST

   April 25, 2026       RSC

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ABOUT THE POEM::

 "Fire and Ice" by Robert Frost explores two apocalyptic possibilities for the world's end: burning passion (fire) and cold hatred (ice). It serves as a powerful metaphor for destructive human emotions

ABOUT THE POET::

Robert Frost (1874–1963) was a highly celebrated American poet, known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. He is the only poet to receive four Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry.

Textual Question and Answers

Q1: What are the two ideas about how the world will end?

Ans: The two ideas are that the world will end either in fire or in ice. Fire represents human desire and passion, while ice represents hatred and indifference.

Q2: What does 'Fire' stand for in the poem? 

Ans: In the poem, 'Fire' symbolizes burning human desires, greed, lust, and unbridled passion. These emotions can spread rapidly and consume everything in their path, leading to destruction

Q3: What does 'Ice' stand for in the poem? 

Ans: 'Ice' symbolizes coldness of heart, indifference, and hatred. Just as ice can freeze and kill silently, hatred can slowly destroy human relationships and the world without much noise.

Q4: Why does the poet side with those who favor fire? 

Ans: The poet sides with those who favor fire because he has experienced the power of "desire" in his own life. He knows how destructive and uncontrollable human passions can be.

Q5: How can 'Ice' be "also great" for destruction? 

Ans: The poet suggests that if the world had to perish twice, hatred (ice) would be just as powerful as desire (fire). Hatred is a "silent killer" that is sufficient to bring about the end of humanity.

Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark Each)

Q1: Who is the poet of the poem "Fire and Ice"? 

Ans: The poet is Robert Frost.

Q2: What does 'Fire' symbolize according to the poet? 

Ans: 'Fire' symbolizes unending desires, greed, and lust.

Q3: What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?

Ans: The rhyme scheme is aba abc bcb

Short Answer Questions (2 Marks Each)

Q1: Why does the poet say that 'Ice' is also "great" for destruction?

Ans: The poet says so because 'Ice' represents hatred and indifference. While fire is violent, hatred is a cold, silent emotion that can destroy humanity and the world just as effectively.

Q2: What is the central message or theme of the poem? 

Ans: The theme is that uncontrolled human emotions like greed (fire) and hatred (ice) are destructive. If we do not learn to control our passions and treat each other with warmth, we will bring about our own end.

Q3: Explain the line: "I think I know enough of hate." 

Ans: This line indicates that the poet has observed how cold and insensitive people can be toward one another. He suggests that hatred is a widespread human emotion that is powerful enough to cause a global catastrophe.

Section D: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Who is the poet of the poem ‘Fire and Ice’? 

(a) Robert Frost

(b) Leslie Norris

(c) Carolyn Wells

(d) Walt Whitman

2. What does the poet compare 'Fire' with? 

(a) Hatred

(b) Desire

(c) Hot weather

(d) Both (a) and (c)

3. What is the meaning of 'perish' in the poem? (a) Bloom

(b) Rise

(c) Die or be destroyed

(d) Glow

4. What does 'Ice' symbolize? 

(a) Love

(b) Hatred and Indifference

(c) Lust

(d) Envy

5. According to the poet, what is "also great" for destruction? 

(a) Fire

(b) Ice

(c) Gold

(d) Water

6. What is the rhyme scheme of the poem?

(a) abab abcbc

(b) aaab bbcbc

(c) aba abc bcb

(d) abcd abcd

Answer Key

Q. No	Answer
1	(a) Robert Frost
2	(b) Desire
3	(c) Die or be destroyed
4	(b) Hatred and Indifference
5	(b) Ice
6	(c) aba abc bcb

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NCERT Class 10: Footprints Without Feet – Chapter 1 (A Triumph of Surgery)

NCERT Class 10: Footprints Without Feet – Chapter 1 (A Triumph of Surgery)

   April 25, 2026       RSC

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ABOUT THE LESSON:

"A Triumph of Surgery" is a heartwarming story about Tricki, a small dog pampered into ill-health by his wealthy owner, Mrs. Pumphrey. It explores themes of over-indulgence and the necessity of discipline, showing how a simple regimen of diet and exercise—rather than medicine—restores his health.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR:

James Alfred Wight, known by the pen name James Herriot, was a British veterinary surgeon and celebrated writer. He utilized his vast medical experience to craft engaging, semi-autobiographical stories about animals. His warm, humorous style in "A Triumph of Surgery" highlights his deep compassion and practical approach toward animal care.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The story revolves around Tricki, a small dog who is pampered and overfed by his rich, emotional owner, Mrs. Pumphrey. Due to a lack of exercise and a diet of cream cakes and chocolates, Tricki becomes "hugely fat" and listless.

Dr. James Herriot, a veterinary surgeon, intervenes and warns that the dog needs immediate treatment. He takes Tricki to his surgery (clinic) for a fortnight. Surprisingly, the "surgery" involves no medicines or operations. Instead, Tricki is kept on a strict water diet for two days, followed by a regular diet and plenty of physical play with other dogs.

Within days, Tricki recovers completely. When Mrs. Pumphrey sees her transformed, active dog, she is overcome with gratitude. She calls his recovery a "Triumph of Surgery," unaware that the cure was simply common sense and a healthy lifestyle.

TEXTUAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Q1. Why is Mrs. Pumphrey worried about Tricki?

Ans: Mrs. Pumphrey is worried because Tricki has become listless and shows no enthusiasm for food. He refuses even his favorite dishes and spends all his time lying on a rug, panting. She mistakenly believes he is suffering from malnutrition.

Q2. What does she do to help him? Is she wise in this? 

Ans: To help him, she starts giving him extra snacks between meals, including malt, cod-liver oil, and a bowl of Horlicks at night. She is not wise in this, as her over-pampering and excessive feeding are the actual causes of Tricki’s poor health.

Q3. Who is the ‘I’ in the story? 

Ans: The ‘I’ in the story is Mr. James Herriot, a veterinary surgeon who is also the narrator of the tale.

READ AND FIND OUT:

Q 4.Is the narrator as rich as Tricki’s mistress ?

Answer: No, the narrator is not as rich as Tricki’s mistress, Mrs Pumphery. We can say so because the narrator seems fascinated by how lavishly Mrs Pumphrey spends on the well-being and maintenance of her pet. He is unusually surprised by the enriching items she sends for Tricki, as he cannot afford them for himself.

Q 5.How does he treat the dog?

Answer: James Herriot treats Tricki just like he would treat an overweight and lazy dog, which Tricki is. He cuts down his food intake and keeps him under strict observation for the initial days at hospital. He gradually increases Tricki’s food and sets him free for physical activities to improve his health.

 

Q 6.Why is he tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest?

Answer: Mr Herriot is tempted to keep Tricki on as a permanent guest because of the good food and wine he is enjoying in Tricki’s name. He does not want to lose the luxurious inflow of fresh eggs, wine and brandy.

Q7.Why does Mrs Pumphrey think the dog’s recovery is ‘a triumph of surgery’?

Answer: Mrs Pumphrey thinks that Tricki’s recovery is a triumph of surgery because his illness was very serious. She was of the opinion that there were very few chances of Tricki to improve and he needed immediate medical attention. Thus, his revival without any medicinal treatment was a great achievement, according to her.

 

Think About It:

(Page 6)

 

Q 1.What kind of a person do you think the narrator, a veterinary surgeon, is? Would you say he is tactful as well as full of common sense?

Answer: The narrator, a veterinary surgeon, is a capable and wise doctor. He handles Tricki properly which shows that he is sincere about his profession. He does not operate upon the dog unnecessarily and cures him by altering his diet and activities. He is a tactful person as he knew exactly how to convince Mrs Pumphrey to hospitalise Tricki for a surgery. His decision to inform Mrs Pumphrey to collect Tricki supports his sensibilities even though he was tempted to keep Tricki as a permanent guest.

Q 2.Do you think Tricki was happy to go home? What do you think will happen now?

Answer: Tricki was happy to go back home as he really loved his mistress and the comfort of his lavish life. He didn’t have any friends at home like in the hospital, but he seemed equally excited at the sight of Mrs Pumphrey. I think that Mrs Pumphrey will now be careful about Tricki’s diet and health. She may also give him exercise daily as prescribed by the vet.

Q 3.Do you think it is a real-life episode or mere fiction? Or is it a mixture of both?

Answer: The story seems to be a mixture of both. It may be possible for rich persons to overfeed their pets due to love. It is not unusual for them to maintain a vast wardrobe for them either. But it is unlikely for a veterinary doctor to go out of the way and lie in order to save an animal. It is also unusual for anyone to consume food which is given in the name of a pet’s health.

Talk About It:

(Page 7)

Q 1.This episode describes the silly behaviour of a rich woman who is foolishly indulgent, perhaps because she is lonely. Do you think such people are merely silly or can their actions cause harm to others?

Answer: Mrs Pumphrey’s actions had a harmful reaction on Tricki’s health. She was overparenting’ and overfeeding Tricki in the name of love. This worsened his condition to an extent that he had to be hospitalised. People like Mrs Pumphrey are not just merely silly but their actions can definitely have dangerous consequences for others.

Q 2.Do you think there are also parents like Mrs Pumphrey?

Answer: Yes, there are some parents like Mrs Pumphrey who spoil their children by pampering them. They overfeed their children/pets despite being aware of the harmful effects on their health. Parents like Mrs Pumphrey should maintain a healthy lifestyle of their family and pets.

Q 3.What would you have done if you were (I)    A member of the staff in Mrs Pumphrey’s household (II)   A neighbour? What would your life have been like, in general?  

Answer:   If I were a member of the staff in her household I would have not followed Mrs Pumphrey’s command to feed Tricki blindly. In fact, I would have fed him according to the vet’s advice. I would have also skipped sending the unnecessary stuff like toys, cushions etc to the hospital. My life would have been a very busy one, as I would have had to take care of the household chores and meet Tricki’s demands on time.

 If I were Mrs Pumphrey’s neighbour, I would have advised her to consult a vet and follow his advice strictly keeping in mind Tricki’s deteriorating health. I would have also been supportive in their hard time when Tricki was hospitalised. My life as Mrs Pumphrey’s neighbour would have been full of surprises and gifts as Mrs Pumphrey was a loving lady.

 

 

Q 4.What would you have done if you were in the narrator’s place?

Answer: If I were in the narrator’s place, I would have treated Tricki with a similar amount of compassion and love. I would have been equally caring as Mr James Herriot towards Tricki. I would have just been a little more stern while advising Mrs Pumphrey to put Tricki on a strict diet knowing her way of showing love. I would have also not consumed Tricki’s share of eggs, wine and brandy sent by Mrs Pumphrey.

 

 

EXTRA SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK EACH)

Q1. What was Tricki’s main fault? 

Ans: Tricki’s only fault was greed; he could never refuse food at any hour of the day or night.

Q2. What did Mrs. Pumphrey think Tricki was suffering from?

Ans: She thought he was suffering from malnutrition.

Q3. How did Tricki look when Dr. Herriot saw him in the street? 

Ans: He looked like a bloated sausage with a leg at each corner.

Q4. For how many days was Tricki given no food at the surgery? 

Ans: For two days, he was given no food, only plenty of water.

Q5. Who was Hodgkin? 

Ans: Hodgkin was the gardener who used to play ring-throw with Tricki.

Q6. What kind of a woman was Mrs. Pumphrey? 

Ans: She was a fabulously rich and over-indulgent woman who loved her pet excessively.

Q7. What was the name of the "gang" Tricki joined at the surgery? 

Ans: He became an accepted member of the household dogs (the pack).

Q8. Why was Tricki sent to the hospital? 

Ans: He was sent to be hospitalized for a fortnight to be kept under observation and away from his owner's overfeeding.

Q9. What was the "miraculous" physical change in Tricki after two weeks? 

Ans: He had been transformed into a lithe, hard-muscled animal.

Q10. What does the title ‘A Triumph of Surgery’ mean? 

Ans: It means a victory of medical treatment (though in this case, it was a victory of common sense over medicine).

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Q1. Who is the author of the story "A Triumph of Surgery"?

A) James Joyces

B) James Herriot

C) Ruskin Bond

D) Robert Frost

Q2. What was the main cause of Tricki’s illness?

A) Lack of food

B) Viral infection

C) Overeating and lack of exercise

D) A physical injury

Q3. How did Tricki look according to the narrator?

A) Very thin and weak

B) Like a bloated sausage

C) Very active and playful

D) Large and muscular

Q4. What was the "surgery" mentioned in the title?

A) A major operation on Tricki’s stomach

B) The name of Dr. Herriot’s clinic

C) A heart transplant

D) A special medical procedure for dogs

Q5. For how many days was no food given to Tricki?

A) One day

B) Two days

C) Five days

D) Seven days

Q6. What did Mrs. Pumphrey bring to the surgery to help Tricki build his strength?

A) Fresh eggs

B) Wine

C) Brandy

D) All of the above

Q7. What was the gardener, Hodgkin, suffering from?

A) Fever

B) Lumbago

C) Malnutrition

D) Muscle pain

Q8. When Tricki saw his mistress after two weeks, he took a "tremendous leap" into her:

A) Car

B) Lap

C) Arms

D) Bed

Q9. The other dogs at the surgery initially decided that Tricki was a/an:

A) Interesting object

B) Very brave dog

C) Uninteresting object

D) Dangerous animal

Q10. Why was Dr. Herriot tempted to keep Tricki as a permanent guest?

A) He loved Tricki very much

B) He wanted to annoy Mrs. Pumphrey

C) Because of the eggs, wine, and brandy sent by Mrs. Pumphrey

D) Because Tricki was a very well-behaved dog

ANSWER KEY

Question	Answer
Q1	B) James Herriot
Q2	C) Overeating and lack of exercise
Q3	B) Like a bloated sausage
Q4	B) The name of Dr. Herriot’s clinic
Q5	B) Two days
Q6	D) All of the above
Q7	B) Lumbago
Q8	B) Lap
Q9	C) Uninteresting object
Q10	C) Because of the eggs, wine, and bran

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