Class 10 Social Science Chapter 1 (Geography) Notes: Subject Matter and Resource
GEOGRAPHY
Economic activities are broadly classified into four main categories:
Primary Activities: Examples: Agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining.
Secondary Activities: Examples: Steel production, textile manufacturing, and food processing.
Tertiary Activities: Examples: Transport, banking, trade, and education.
Quaternary Activities: Examples: Information technology, research and development, and financial consultancy.
4. Write briefly about the subject matter of the important branches of Economic Geography.
Answer: Economic Geography is a broad field with several specialized branches. The subject matter of its key branches is explained below:
Resource Geography: It studies the types of resources, their spatial distribution, and the techniques for their conservation and management.
Agricultural Geography: This branch focuses on the distribution of different types of crops, the factors influencing agricultural patterns, and the methods of farming.
Industrial Geography: It examines the location of various industries, the factors responsible for their establishment (like raw materials and labor), and the distribution of industrial products.
Transport Geography: This studies the different modes of transport (road, rail, water, and air), their networks, and their role in the movement of goods and people.
Geography of Tourism: It focuses on the geographical factors that promote tourism, the distribution of tourist spots, and the impact of tourism on the local economy and environment.
Geography of International Trade: This branch deals with the exchange of goods and services between different countries and the factors influencing global trade patterns.
5. Why is Resource Geography known as an important branch of Economic Geography?
Answer: Resource Geography is known as an important branch of Economic Geography because it deals with the study of resources which are the basic requirements for all economic activities. It examines the types, spatial distribution, and utilization of resources. Furthermore, it explores the dynamic relationship between nature, man, and culture, emphasizing that a material becomes a "resource" only when it satisfies human needs through the application of technology.
6. What do you mean by resource? Mention its main characteristics.
Answer: In simple terms, any substance or element of nature that is useful to man and has some value is called a resource. According to famous economist Erich Zimmermann, the word "resource" does not refer to a thing or a substance, but to the function which a thing or substance can perform.
The main characteristics of a resource are:
Utility:
Functionality:
Changeability (Dynamic Nature):
Accessibility:
7. "Resource is dynamic"—Discuss.
Answer: The statement "Resource is dynamic" means that a substance does not remain a resource forever, nor is it born as one. A substance becomes a resource only when its utility is discovered by humans.
This dynamic nature can be discussed through the following points:
Role of Knowledge and Technology: Example: Water has always existed, but it became a resource for generating electricity (Hydroelectricity) only after humans developed the necessary technology.
Changes in Human Needs: As civilizations evolve, their requirements change. Something that was useless in ancient times may become a necessity in the modern era.
Time and Place: The value and utility of a resource can change depending on where it is located and the time period. Coal was just a black stone until the Industrial Revolution turned it into "Black Diamond."
Neutral Stuff to Resource: According to Erich Zimmermann, "Resources are not, they become." This highlights that resources are a result of the functional relationship between man, nature, and culture.
8. Briefly discuss about the necessities of resources with examples.
Answer: Resources are the backbone of human civilization. Their necessity can be understood through the following points:
Fulfillment of Basic Needs: Example: Land is used for growing crops, and water is essential for drinking and irrigation.
Economic Development: Example: Minerals like iron ore and coal are the foundation of the heavy engineering and power industries.
Generation of Energy: Example: Fossil fuels (Petroleum) and sunlight (Solar energy) are used to generate electricity and run vehicles.
Improvement of Quality of Life: Example: Wood and minerals are used to build infrastructure, furniture, and electronic gadgets.
Raw Materials for Production: Example: Cotton is the primary resource for the textile industry, and sugarcane is the resource for the sugar industry.
9. Briefly discuss about the relationship between
resource and man. (HSLC 2019)
Answer: Resource
is the thing that can meet the needs of a person's daily life. Almost all
the materials available on earth such as water, air, soil, plants, sunlight
etc. are resources. People fulfil basic needs through these objects found on
earth. People change the shape or size of the resource according to their own
needs. With the increase of knowledge, people are creating new resources from
natural resources. For example - people have made their own resources from the
things found in nature, such as houses, roads, factories, vehicles. That is,
there is a need for resource and the things or resources available in nature
are the basis of man-made resources.
10. Briefly
discuss about the relationship between resource and science-technology. (HSLC
2019)
Answer: There is a
close connection between resource and science-technology. With the advancement
of science and technology, many inactive substances or objects have become
valuable resources. For example, coal or mineral oil were not considered a
resource at one time because people did not know how to use them. But with the
advancement of science and technology, humans have been able to convert coal
and mineral oil into energy. As a result, they have become valuable resources.
Similarly, the Damodar river in West Bengal was once considered a serious
problem. But with the help of science and technology, when electricity is
started to be built along the dam, it has become a valuable resource. So, it
can be seen that there is a significant relationship between science and
technology.
11.Classification of resource:
A) According to the process of origin/creation-
i) Natural resources, ii) Man-made resources and iii) Human resources
B) According to the structure-
i) Biotic/organic resources and ii) Abiotic/inorganic resources
C) According to the availability/durability/stability-
i) Renewable resources and ii) Non-renewable resources
D) According to the ownership-
i) Individual/personal resources, ii) National resources and iii) International resources
12.What is meant by natural resource? Write briefly with examples.
Ans. Natural resources are those resources which after natural formation remain distributed on the earth. These can be in solid, liquid or gaseous states, and in metallic or non-metallic form. Many natural resources are used as they are available, while others are used as raw materials for different industries. Examples of natural resources are air, water, sunlight, land, minerals, natural gas, plants, animals, rivers, oceans, etc.
13. what is man made resources. Write briefly about its use with example.
Ans. Man made resources are those resources which are made from natural resources with the application of human effort. The resources are made by man by converting natural resources into more usable commodities by modern science and technology. Examples of such resources are making paper from bamboo, cloth from cotton, food items, medicines, wooden furniture and houses from plants, metals from ores, etc.
14.What are the differences between renewable and non-renewable resources? briefly with examples.
Ans. The differences between renewable and non-renewable resources are:
Sl no | Basis of difference | Renewable resource | Non-renewable resource |
(i) | Meaning | Resources which can be regenerated or renewed after use. | Resources which cannot be regenerated or renewed after use. |
(ii) | Exhaustibility | Do not get exhausted after use or can be regenerated. | Gradually get exhausted and cannot be regenerated |
(iii) | Example | Air, sunshine, water, crops,etc. | Coal, oil, natural gas, various types of minerals, etc. |
15. What is meant by ‘conservation of resources’? What is its necessity?
Ans. Conservation of resources is the process of preservation and judicious use of resources achieve maximum utility, avoid wasteful consumption and misuse. Following are the reasons leading to the necessity of conservation of resources:
(I) Limited resources: Resources provided by nature are unevenly distributed and their supply is also limited. There is not a single country which has all the resources. This calls for conservation and proper utilisation of resources that a country has.
(ii) Rising population: With the rapid expansion of population, the demand for various resources are also rising. the use of natural resources is very high in these countries due to their economic advancement. Even in the developing countries like India and China, the extent of use of the mineral resources such as coal, oil, natural gas, copper, iron, bauxite, etc, is quite high. All these call for planning and conservation of resources.
(iii) Protection of endangered species: As a result of improper use of various resources and environmental pollution, many species of plants and animals are becoming endangered and extinct. The destruction of such biotic resources can bring about certain negative impacts on the biosphere. Therefore, there is an urgent need to conserve all the living and non-living resources of the earth in a judicious manner.
(iv) Avoid pollution: The extraction and processing of resources often lead to environmental pollution. The use of chemicals, fertilisers, pesticides, vehicles, etc. causes a great deal of environmental pollution, which in turn leads to health hazards.
16. Write in brief about the methods of resource conservation.
Ans. The various methods of resource conservation are:
(i) Discovery of alternative resources:
(ii) Recycling:
(iii) Innovation:
(iv) Waste control:
(v) Spread of knowledge regarding conservation:
(vi) Enforcement of conservation related acts: F
(vii) Proper assessment of resource reserve:
(viii) Assessment of future resource requirement:
Q.17. Write in brief about the organizations associated with resource conservation and their role.
Ans. Rapid increase of population, overuse of existing resources, growing environmental problems caused by unscientific use of resources, etc. have resulted in the depletion of many vital resources of the world. Without an adequate amount of resources, life on earth will become difficult and no country can progress or develop. Therefore, many international organisations have been established to take steps to conserve existing resources and to reduce environmental pollution caused by the use of resources. In this context, the following organisations deserve a special mention:
(I) IUCN: IUCN stands for International Union for Conservation of Nature. It was formed in 1948 and has played a commendable role in preserving and conserving the existing resources of the world.
(ii) Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change: In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change has been established to coordinate the conservation of natural resources.
(iii) Non-governmental agencies: Non-governmental agencies like Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Greenpeace India, Wildlife Trust of India, etc. work for protection of the environment in India.
Q.18. Write short notes:
(A). Resource.
Ans. A source of wealth, revenue, supply or support essential for the functioning of all living organisms and ecosystems are known as a resource. In other words, things that satisfy various human needs are known as resources. It is defined as a country’s collective means of support Natural things available in nature like air, water, sunrays, soil, plants, minerals, fish, etc. found on the earth are considered as resources because they help human existence on earth in one way or the other.
(I) Utility: Resource should be useful to man in one way or the other. It should satisfy some of his needs required for his living.
(ii)Functionality: Every resource has certain functionality, ie, it should have certain specific function or usefulness. Thus, each resource has a unique usefulness of its own.
(B)Human resource.
Ans. Human resource means the population of a country made valuable through education, training and experience or in other words made capable of making use of other resources efficiently. Human resources constitute the most important resource of a nation. Most of the countries of Europe and America are developed mainly due to the development of their human resources. The human resources in these countries are developed because of better education and training, Man is the prime mover of resources. Without him no resource can develop.
(C) Wealth.
Ans. All economic goods which can satisfy human wants and have value-in-exchange are called wealth. Some of the features of wealth are a
(i) Wealth possesses the features of utility as it has the power to satisfy human wants.
(ii) The supply of wealth is limited.
(iii) Wealth can be transferred from one individual to another through money or value.
All kinds of wealth can be regarded as a resource but all resources may not be regarded as wealth.
Again, the use of resources bring about human welfare, but wealth may have both useful or harmful effects, eg substances like poison, chemical insecticides, alcohol, etc. are considered as wealth because they can be sold for money, but the use of such substances is highly dangerous to man, so such materials cannot be termed as resources.
(D) Renewable resource.
Ans. Renewable resources: The resources which do not get depleted on use and can be used again and again through the process of regeneration are called renewable resources. e.g. sunshine, water, soil, etc.
(E) Personal resource.
Ans.Individual or personal resources: The things in possession of a person or an individual are called individual resources, e.g. land, household itens personal attributes such as good character, education, various skills, etc.
(F) National resource.
Ans. National resources: The resources under the responsibility or possession of a country are called national resources. e.g. transport network, land, rivers, mineral animals of the forests, agricultural crops, various manufactured goods, people
(G) Biotic resource.
Ans.Biotic resources: The resources which have life are called biotic resources e.g. plants, animals, fishes, crops, etc.
(H) Resource conservation.
Ans. The planning and management of natural resources so as to secure their wise use and continuity of supply, while maintaining and enhancing their quality, value and diversity is known as resource conservation. The main objective of the concept of resource conservation is the collection and utilisation of necessary resources from the nature in such a way so that benefit can be derived from them for a long time. Many of the mineral, animal and plant resources are depleting at a very fast rate.
(I) Resource recycling.
Ans. Recycling: The use of raw-materials can be reduced by reusing the usable disposed garbages through the process of recycling, e.g. recycling of used water or paper, etc.
Q.19. Write the differences between :
(a) Resource and wealth.
Ans. The differences between resource and wealth are:
(b) Economic geography and resource geography.
Ans. The differences between economic geography and resource geography are:
SL No | Basis of difference | Economic geography | Resource geography |
(i) | The branch of human geography in which the study of human activities related to production, distribution, consumption and exchange of resources is done with respect to space and time. | The study which deals with the production, distribution and consumption of resources. | |
(ii) | Scope | It has a wider scope than resource geography as it includes agricultural geography, industrial geography, transport geography, marketing geography, resource geography and geography of tourism. | It is relatively narrower than economic geography as it is only a part of economic geography. |
(C) Resource and neutral stuff.
Ans. The differences between resource and neutral stuff are:
SL No. | Basis of difference | Resource | Neutral stuff |
(i) | Meaning | A source of wealth, revenue. supply or support essential for the functioning of all living organisms and ecosystems. | The materials found on the earth which are neither useful nor harmful to man. |
(ii) | Usefulness | Resources are useful in the present day. | Neutral stuff may be of use as a resource in the future.. |
(iii) | Examples | Air, water, soil, plants, minerals, etc | Ocean water |
(d) Biotic and abiotic resource.
Ans. The differences between biotic resource and abiotic resource are :
SL. No. | Basis of difference | Biotic resource | Abiotic resource |
(i) | Meaning | The resources of nature which have life. | The resources of nature which do not have life |
(ii) | Examples | Plants, animals, man, fish, crops, etc. | Stone, sand, soil, minerals, etc. |
(e) Renewable and non-renewable resource.
Ans.
Sl no | Basis of difference | Renewable resource | Non-renewable resource |
(i) | Meaning | Resources which can be regenerated or renewed after use. | Resources which cannot be regenerated or renewed after use. |
(ii) | Exhaustibility | Do not get exhausted after use or can be regenerated. | Gradually get exhausted and cannot be regenerated |
(iii) | Example | Air, sunshine, water, crops,etc. | Coal, oil, natural gas, various types of minerals, etc. |
(f) Personal resource and national resource
Ans. The differences between personal resource and national resource are:
SI. No. | Basis of difference | Personal resource | National resource |
(i) | Meaning | The things under possession ofa person or an individual | The resource under the responsibility or possession of a country. |
(ii) | Examples | Land, household properties, personal attributes like good character, education, ornaments, money and knowledge, working skill, etc. | Plants, animals, forests, transport networks, land, rivers, buildings, educational institutions, administrative systems, etc. |
(g) Man-made resource and human resource.
Ans. The differences between man-made resource and
sl No. | Basis of difference | Man made resources | Human resources |
(i) | Meaning | The resources which have been formed by human effort as a result of the application of science, technology, skill of man, etc. | The people of a country capable of making use of other resources efficiently and productively. |
(ii) | Examples | Paper from bamboo, cloth from cotton, different types of paints, fertilisers, soap, plastic, etc. | Man himself is a human resource. |
(h) Recycling of resources and innovation of resources.
Ans. The differences between recycling of resource and innovation of resource are:
SI. No | Basis of difference | Recycling of resource | Innovation of resource |
(i) | Meaning | The process by which wastes of natural and man-made resources are broken down and then reconstituted into useful materials. | The process by which resources are produced as a result of extensive research and a lot of field study leading to the conversion of natural resources into highly useful items. |
(ii) | Examples | Used water, factory wastes, scrap, worn out tyres, waste paper, etc. | The use of rain harvesting method to store water for various domestic purposes is a type of innovation |
Q.20 Choose the correct answer :
(a) Which of the following is a man-made resource?
(1) Rivers (2) Mineral oil (3) Irrigation canal (4) Forest
Ans. (3) Irrigation canal
(b) Which one of the following is abiotic resource?
(1) Air (2) Plants (3) Animals (4) Fungus
Ans. (1) Air
(c) Which one of the following is non-renewable resource?
(1) Air (2) Water (3) Crops (4) Coal
Ans. (4) Coal
(d) Which one of the following animals is about to be extinct?
(1) One-horned rhino (2) Pigmy hog (3) Giraffe (4) Gayal (Mithun)
Ans. (2) Pigmy hog
(e) The organisation IUCN is under which of the following organisations?
(1) UNESCO (2) UNDP (3) WWF (4) UNEP
Ans. (1) UNESCO
Q.1. Which one of the following is non-renewable resource? [HSLC ’14]
(a) Water (b) Sunshine (c) Plants (d) Natural gas
Ans:- (d) Natural gas
Q.2. Which one of the following resources is a non-renewable resource? [HSLC ’16]
(a) Crops (b) Man (c) Iron (d) Sunlight
Ans:- (c) Iron
Q.3. Which of the following is man-made resource?
(a) Rivers (b) Mineral Oil (c) Irrigation Canal (d) Forest
Ans:-(c) Irrigation Canal
Q.4. Which one of the following is abiotic resource?
(a) Air (b) Plants (c) Animals (d) Fungus
Ans:-(a) Air
Q.5.Which one of the following is non-renewable resource?
(a)Air (b) Water (c) Crops (d)Coal
Ans:-(d)Coal
Q.6. Which one of the following animals is about to be extinct?
(a) One-horned Rhino (b)Pygmi Hog (c) Giraffe (d)Gayal (Mithun)
Ans:-(b)Pygmi Hog
Q.7.The organization IUCN is under which of the following organizations?
(a) UNESCO (b) UNDP (c) WWF (d) UNEP
Ans:-(a) UNESCO
Q.8. The father of modern economic geography is-
(a) George Chisholm (b) C.F Jones (c) G.G Derkenwald (d) Zimmermann
Ans:-(a) George Chisholm
Q.9. Kazirangà National Park is a-
(a) Individual Resource (b) National resource (c) International resource (d) None of these.
Ans:-(b) National resource
Q.10. What is the full form of IUCN?
Ans:- International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Q.11. When was IUCN formed?
Ans. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was formed in the year1948.
Q.12. Name the person behind the formation of IUCN?
Ans. The British Biologist Julian Huxley is the person behind the formation of IUCN.
Q.13. Who was the founder Director General of UNESCO?
Ans. The British Biologist Julian Huxley was the founder Director General of UNESCO
Q.14. When is the World Environment Day celebrated?
Ans. The World Environment Day is celebrated on June 5 every year.
Q.15. Under which organization is IUCN?
Ans. The organization International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is under United Nations Organization.
Q.16. Give one example of Non-Renewable Resources.
Ans. Petroleum.
Q.17. Give one example of Renewable Resources.
Ans. Sunlight.
Q.18 Economic geography belongs to which part of geography?
Answer: - Economic geography is one of the branches of human geography.
Q.19. How resources created one by one?
Answer: - Resources is created as a result of the use of nature, people, values, society-culture and science-technology.
Q.20. According to Zimmarmann, in order to be an asset, what are two qualities must an object have?
Answer: - According to Zimmarmann, in order to be an asset, an object must have two qualities, that are functionality and Usability.
Q.21. How are people involved with resources?
Answer: - People are involved with wealth in two ways - production of wealth and consumption of wealth.
Q.22. What is man-made resources?
Ans: - Man-made resources such as houses, roads, enterprises, schools etc. are called man-made resources.
Q.23. Why are people called human resources?
Answer: - Man is called human resource as the producer of wealth. Resource is meaningless without man.
Q.24 Give examples of rare biological resources.
Ans: - Rare Biological Resources: - Tiger, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Lion, Bear, Dolphin, Crocodile, Turtle etc.
Q.25. Give examples of valuable rare plant resources of Assam.
Ans: - Precious rare plants of Assam: - Aloevera, Sarpagandha, kalmegh, arjuna, agaru, chirata, nutmeg, asparagus etc.
Q.26. Give an example of Assam's rare and endangered animal resources.
Ans: - Rare endangered animals of Assam: - Golden Langur, Hoolock Gibbon (halau monkey), wild buffalo, Pigmy Hog (nal gahri), River’s Dolphin(Shishu Fish), White Wood Duck (Deo has), Hornbill, Greater Adjutant stork, wild boar, hedgehog etc.
Q.27. Write full name of the followings. [IUCN, WWF, WCMC]
Answer: -
a) IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature
b) WWF = World Wide Fund for Nature
c) WCMC = World Conservation Monitoring Center
Q.11 When is World Environment Day celebrated?
Answer: -World Environment Day is celebrated on 5th June every year
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