Home » All posts

ENGLISH COMMUNICATION

   April 20, 2024      

CHAPTER :1:        COMMUNICATION & ITS TYPES.

 

The word 'communication means speaking, listening, reading and expressing ability  and thereby understanding verbal and non verbal expressions. Since English is a foreign language for the Indian people, it is taught in India as a second language.

    Hence English communication refers to the process that involves sending and receiving messages in English language through the verbal and non verbal methods.

    It is said that communication is a two way means of communicating information and data in the form of thought and views between two or many individuals with a view to understanding the matter.

    Generally communication may be of the following types:

1. Verbal

2. Non-verbal

3. Written

4. Visual.

1.     VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

        Verbal communication is a type of communication where usually spoken words are used to deliver the message .Here, only words are used to express oneself, his or her feelings, thoughts etc. In this process the words and sounds that come out of our mouths includes tone of voice. sighs or groans etc.

        However, in case of verbal communication the following points are to be considered:

a) Think before one speaks

b)Concise and distinct delivery.

c) Confidence and no arrogance

d)Better tone quality

e) Careful listening

f) Consider and understand the listeners attitude

g) Avoid lengthy speech and confusing terms

h)Be to the point and specific

i) Co-ordination between you and the audience

j)Follow the principle of completeness.


  2. NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION:

        Non verbal communication is all about transmission of message or signals through non verbal platforms. Such platforms may be eye contact, body language social distance, touch physical appearance, code or sign language etc.

    There are four types of non verbal communication. They are-

1. Gestures

2. Facial expressions

3. Loudness or tone of voice.

4.Body language.

5. Personal space.

6.Gaze of eye.

7. Appearance.

8.Showing objects or images.


SUMMMARY OF THE CHAPTER

It has been found that communication is very essential for both a person and an organization. Without proper communication either personal or organizational no effective outcome is found. Particularly human relation or public relation is impossible without proper communication. In individual life also exact communication helps us a lot.

    PROBABLE QUESTIONS:

1. What is communication?

2.Write about types of communication

3.What is Verbal communication?

4. What is non verbal communication?


CHAPTER:2.: OBJECTIVE OF COMMUNICATION.

Objectives of communication helps us in getting our goals realized. Both in case of individuals and organizational cases it helps us greatly.

Such objectives are the reasons that leads an individual to come closer to one another. It helps to interact with others. Objectives are to take under consideration before a relation. The relation may be conversational or written or any campaign. So creating communication objectives before communication can help the business or personal relation.

 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES:

1. Motivation to the audience.

2. Knowledge sharing.

3.Persuation.

4.Entertainmnt to the audience.

5.Demand generating.

6.Campaign for brand.

7.Increase of interest.


 The basic objectives of communication are as follows:

1) Information

2).Suggestion

3) Motivation

4) Warning.

5) Education.

6) Advice

7) Order

8) Persuasion

9) Negotiation.


    Overall, in this chapter it is found that communication is a vital element required for an individual for efficient work and activities. However, the main objective of communication is to transit the message with meaning and understanding.  This may be in the form of  the above mentioned basic objectives. One of the objective of communication is enquiring, supplying and receiving information through spoken or written words, symbols and signals.

    ADVICE is the personal opinion about what to do and when to do. Similarly, SUGGESTIONS are the proposals of the juniors to the higher authority indicating change and reshuffle etc. Again an ORDER  is the direction of the Higher authority to the subordinates. MOTIVATION, an another objective of communication. It is to be used to motivate the employees for better and target oriented performance. PERSUASION is also an influencing tips to enable one to change in attitude, beliefs, feelings and thoughts. WARNING is the act of threatening to a person for his unpleasant, unfavorable and unauthorized  work. NEGOTIATION  is a kind of bonding between two person or organization for a win-win situation. Negotiation also helps in settling of any disputes 


PROBABLE QUESTIONS

  1. What are the basic requirements of communication?

2. What is order,  Persuasion, suggestion and warning?

3. Why is motivation helpful?

4. How does advice help in communication?

5. What is negotiation ?


  

   1 Comment

• April 20, 2024 1 $type={blogger}

MESSAGE WRITING

   April 20, 2024      

A message is a brief piece of writing which is based on information received over phone, verbally, face to face conversation etc. It may be both formal or informal. 

Message writing is brief in size. The word message should be written in Bold. Relevant information should be written clearly in the message..


The following rules should be remembered while writing message. 

1. Make a box - small in size. 
2. Give heading at the top. 
3.write date, time & name of writer - left hand side. 
4. Write message in indirect speech. 
5. Length should not exceed 50/60 words. 
6. At the end signature of the writer- left. 

Exercise solved:

1) Question:   Prepare a message on the basis of the following information/conversation.

A: Hello! can I speak to Mr. Das? 
B: Hi! I am Rahul, elder son of Mr. Das. My father has gone for morning walk. 
A: Okey,  I am Mr. Rajesh, his colleague,.inform him that I have an urgent assignment with him. 


Answer:  
                              ... MESSAGE

10 April
6am
Father, 
          Your colleague Mr. Rajesh rang you up while you went out for morning walk. He wants to talk to you in connection to an urgent assignment. 

Rahul. 






2. Prepare a message on the basis of the following information.

Anil: Hello ! can I talk to Mr. Rakesh ?
Receptionist: Hi ! Rakesh Sir is not in office, how can I help you Sir?
Anil: Please inform Rakesh that he has to attend a meeting at 4pm this evening. It is urgent.
Receptionist: Okey Sir, thank you , I shall inform him.

Answer: 

                                                    MESSAGE
5 August
2pm
Rakesh Sir,
                    Your friend Anil Sir wants you to attend a meeting at 4 pm today. He added that it is a very urgent meeting for you. 

Receptionist.

EXERCISE FOR PRACTICE.


1. Kartik: Hello ! May I speak to Suraj ? This is Raju
Vibek: Hello brother, how are you, Dad is not at home
Kartik: I am fine, thank you, where is your father ?
Vivek: He went to Delhi yesterday , how I can help you.
KartiK: Please inform him that I can not give his file back within a week. 
Vivek : ok thank you, I shall inform him.


  

   No Comments

• April 20, 2024 0 $type={blogger}

ENGLISH LITERATURE :

   April 01, 2024      

THE PICARESQUE NOVEL:

The word 'novel' refers to a fictitious narrative of book length. The main genre of novels may be-horror, mystery, crime, romance, science fiction, suspend, historical, gothic, fantasy, adult etc. These main genre may have various sub genre. 

 However the picaresque novel is a novel that deals with a rogue life. The word 'picaresque' is taken from PICARO means rogue or rascal. The hero of the novel is man of low quality & character. He moves from this time to that place. He belongs to a low social class. 

In fact, Thomas Nashe is called the father of this genre of novel. The word -picaresque was coined in 1810. Initially this genre of novel began with the publication of Spanish November Lazarillo de Tormes in 1554. 

It is found that the basic themes of this type of novel are- Solitude, hunger, gullibility and so forth. 

In this Type of novel readers usually find seven special qualities. They are-

A)  The first person narrative. 
B) The main character or the protagonist belongs to a low quality social life or background. 
C) The plot of the story is hardly found
D) There is hardly any character development. 
E) Language used is realistic. 
F) There is satirical element. 
G) The protagonist has negative/criminal attitude. 


DEFINITION OF NOVELLA:

    The word 'Novella' means new. As defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary, novella means 'a work of fiction intermediate in length and complexity between a short story or a novel.' However, it has been understood that a Novella is a narrative prose fiction having shorter length that most of the novels. This word has been derived from Italian word -novella. Its meaning is a short story related to facts or truth.

    This is a special genre of literature which was initially developed in Italy during the Renaissance. 

DREAM ALLEGORY::
Dream allegory which is also called Dream vision is an allegorical tale presented in the narrative framework of a dream. Specially popular in the middle Ages, the device made more acceptable fantastic and bizarre world of personification and symbolic objects characteristic of medieval allegory. Some well known examples of dream allegory include the first part of Roman De La Rose (13th century), Chaucer's book of the Duchess (1369-70), Pearl (late 14th century), Piers Plowman (c.1360- c. 1387), attributed to Williams Langland, William Dunbars.. The Thissil and the Rois and The Goldyn Targe (early 16th century) and Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress (1678). 

COURTLY LOVE:: 

Courtly Love was a medieval European literary conception of love that emphasised nobility and chivalry. 

   No Comments

• April 01, 2024 0 $type={blogger}

DEGREE OF COMPARISON || CHANGE OF ADJECTIVE || ENGLISH GRAMMAR

   November 21, 2023      

CHANGE OF DEGREE INTO POSITIVE - COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE. 

An adjective has three forms. ...
  Positive, Comparative and Superlative. 

Example of Adjective:::

Positive               Comparative        Superlative

Good                    better                   best
Strong            more strong        most strong
Gentle            more gentle         most gentle
Great              greater                   greatest
Clever             more clever         most clever
Powerful        more powerful     most powerful
Heavy              heavier                  heaviest
Weak               weaker                  weakest
Sincere            more sincere      most sincere
White                whiter                  whitest
Famous           more famous      most famous
Tight                more tight            most tight
Fast                  faster                   fastest

Thus we find a long list of adjective. In degree of comparison the main point is ADJECTIVE which is to change into its threeforms. 

Example:: 

1) He is a good boy - positive degree  OR
No other boy is as good as he. 

2) He is better than any other boys Comparative. 

3) He is the best boy- Superlative degree. 

Now we find three formula when we change one degree to other. They are. 

A). Positive: No other+ S+auxiliary+as+ P. D(adj)+ as+ extended part of sentence                 ( remaining) . 

B) Comparative : S+auxiliary+C.D(adj)+than any other+remaining sentence. 

C) Superlative: S+auxiliary+the+S.D(asj) + remaining. 

Exercise Solved:: 

1) Anil is a good cricketer. (Change into Comp & Sup) 
Ans: 
Anil is better than any other cricketer. (Comp) 
Anil is the best cricketer (superlative) 

2)  Light travels faster than anything else. (Positive)
Ans: No other thing travels as fast as light. 

3) Apple is the best fruit. (Positive) 
Ans: No other fruit is as good as apple. 

4) Honesty is better than any other policy.(Sup) 
Ans: Honesty is the best policy. 

5) Snow is the whitest of all substance.(Pos) 
Ans: No other substance is as white as  snow. 

6) Misery is the greatest mystery. (Pos/comp) 
Ans: No other mystery is as great as misery. 
        Misery is greater than any other mystery. 

7) This is heavier than any other box. (Pos) 
Ans: No other box is as heavy as this. 

8) English is most famous language. (com) 
Ans: English is better than any other language. 


IN CASE OF COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO THINGS OR PERSON  --

1) 'Not' is used. ... &
2) that sentence can't be changed into Superlative. 


Example:
1) Amal is more fat than Binal. (Pos) 
Ans: Bimal is not as fat as Amal. 
 
2) Father is not as clever as the son. 
Ans: The son is coeverer  than the father. 

3) This pen is better than that. 
Ans: That is not as good as this pen. 

THERE IS ONE MORE TYPE OF DEGREE. FOR EXAMPLE:: 
 Ram is one of the best boys in the class.(sup) 
( change into positive/comp/) 

(Meaning of this sentence is that like Ram 2) 3 more students are there in the class.) 
 
Answer:

Positive:  Very few boys are as good as Ram in the class. 
Comp: Ram is better than most other boys in the class.

  Formula :

Positive: veryfew+s+auxiliary+as+p.d+as+  extended sentence
 Ex: Very few boys are as happy as Rohit. 

Comparative: N+ auxiliary+c.d+ than+ most other+remaining sentence. 
Ex: Rohit is more happy than most other boys. 

Superlative: N+auxiliary+one of the+S.d+remaining sentence. 
Ex: Rohit is one of the most happy boys. 

Exercise Solved: 

1)  very few boys are as good as he (c/s) 
Ans: He is better than most other boys. 
         He is one of the best boys. 

2) The Brahmaputra is one of the longest rivers in the world. (P/C) 
Ans: The Brahmaputra is longer than most other rivers I India. 
   Very few rivers in India are as long as the Brahmaputra.. 




  

   No Comments

• November 21, 2023 0 $type={blogger}

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION || INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE || HOW TO CHANGE SENTENCE INTO INTERROGATIVE.

   November 14, 2023      

HOW TO CHANGE SENTENCE INTO INTERROGATIVE::


Transformation of Sentence is a vast topic. It includes Interrogative Sentence also. 


To transform a sentence into Interrogative the following rules are to be followed. 


1) If the Sentence contains a helping/ auxiliary verb then bring & put it in the beginning of the sentence & add a question mark at the end of the sentence. 


2) If there is not any auxiliary very in the sentence, then use Did in Past tense (sentence) and Do/Does in Present Tense Sentence (as per pronoun). 


3) REMEMBER::
 Nobody --- Anybody
    Never ---- Ever


EXERCISE SOLVED... 


1) He looks at me (without a helping verb) 
Answer: Does he look at me? 


2) I follow his order. (No helping verb) 
Answer: Do I follow his order? 


3) They have done the work. (with auxiliary) 
Answer: Have they done the work? 


4) We ordered a new book. (No auxiliary) 
Answer: Did we order a new book.? 

5)  A man is singing a song. (with helping) 
Answer: Is a man singing a song? 

6) He did his works on time. (No helping verb) 
Answer: Did he do his works on time? 

7) No one met us. (no helping verb) 
Answer: Did anyone meet us? 

 8) I have never seen the Tajmahal. (with helping) 
Answer: Have I ever seen the Tajmahal? 

9) She likes tea. (no helping verb) 
Answer: Does she like tea.? 

10) We watered the plants. (no helping verb) 
Answer: Did we water the plants? 

11) He longs for holiday. 
Answer: Does he long for holiday? 

12) I go to theatre everyday. 
Answer: Do I go to theatre everyday? 

13) My friend plays cricket  very well. 
Answer: Does my friend play cricket very well? 


CHANGE INTO NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE::

In this case we need to take help of no, not, none etc.
  
Exercise solved: 

1) I wake up at 5am daily. 
Answer: Do I not wake up at 5am daily? 

2) My friend reached home late. 
Answer: Did my friend not reach home late? 

3) Suraj walks 5km regularly. 
Answer: Does Suraj not walk 5km daily? 

4) Ajanta looks after her grandmother. 
Answer: Does Ajanta not look after her grandmother? 

5) He was waiting for the bus. 
Answer: Was he not waiting for the bus? 

6) She met my uncle on the road. 
Answer: Did she not meet my uncle on the road? 

7) It is 5pm by my watch. 
Answer: Is is not 5pm by my watch? 

8) My father is a very angryan. 
Answer: Is not my father a very angry man? 


EXERCISE::

1) My uncle works hard. 

2) He is waiting on the road. 

3) They performed well. 

4) The player has jumped over the wall. 

5) It is very hot now. 

6) I shall help my brother. 

7) An orange fell down. 

8) I lost my adress. 

9) They have invited us. 

10) A beggar was waiting at the gate. 

11) Anita bought a new watch. 

12) I could not open the gate. 

13) The player threw the ball. 

14) I must write the answer. 

15) He visits the station daily. 

16) They don't work hard. 

17) She did not buy a new pen

18) I have to read this book. 

19) The earth is a planet. 

20) we should go for morning walk daily. 




                       #######

  

   No Comments

• November 14, 2023 0 $type={blogger}

FACTUAL DESCRIPTION || WRITING

   October 26, 2023      

FACTUAL DESCRIPTION  means writing a realistic piece. It may be written on variety of topics, such as ' How to make tea', How to take Admission', etc.. 



The first and prime factor in factual description is that ability to write one's own sentence. If a student can't write his or her own correct sentences, it is not possible to attempt this topic. 

   The purpose behind Factual Description is to test a students composition ability. 



How to attempt factual Description:;
1) Go through the given question. 
2) Arrangements of idea or thought. 
3) Give a suitable title &Write as per sequence. 
4) Make paragraphs. 
5) Finish in a convincing manner. 



EXERCISE SOLVED::
1) How to make tea. 
2) How to take admission in a college. 
3) How to Open a Bank Account. 
4) My First Day in College. 
5) Arranging a Picnic. 



HOW TO MAKE TEA.. 

Tea is a soft drink. It's also beverage. Every person worldwide drinks tea. However, in every household tea is made everyday. Making tea is a very simple task. Before making tea, it is necessary to keep a container ready. Then ingredients like water, sugar, tea leaf and gas stove need to be ready. First of all boiling water is compulsory. When water boils upto a  level, then tea leaf is to be put into hot water and also sugar, then more boiling is required. When  the two ingredients mixed properly with hot water, then at a point oven should be stopped and pour tea into the cups. If necessary pour milk into tea to make it more delicious. 


HOW TO TAKE ADMISSION IN A COLLEGE. 

Any student after passing board examination pursued 10+2 level of studies. S/he opts for admission into HS classes. In fact, admission. Forms are collected from the counter of the college. Then after filling the columns properly in black ink, it should be submitted to the concerned person with photocopies of educational certificates within due date. When due date is over, the authority prepares the merit list of the students who are likely to get admission on the basis of their marks.  Once the merit list is published for all, the next moment admission begins. In the day of your turn, be present in the Hall/auditorium with all original certificates. When your turn comes verify them with the board members and deposit your admission fees and confirm admission. 



3) HOW TO OPEN A BANK ACCOUNT:

A bank account is an essential part of everyone's life. When a person keeps his own bank account, his money is safe. But opening a bank account is also a long process. It is known that reputed banks like SBI, AXIS, HDFC etc do not give this chance any time. For an educated person opening an account is an easy task in the sense that he can fill on the form himself. After collecting and filling in the form properly it is to be submitted to the counter. Passport photo, signature are compulsory and also an introducer is needed. There are option for check book and ATM, CREDIT CARD also. If anyone wants can apply for these also. However, after submission of the form, one may wait 15/20 days to receive the A/C by post. Once it is received by post, if any problem arises, one may approach the bank for solution. 


MY FIRST DAY IN COLLEGE::

After taking admission in a college and waiting for the first day of class is really interesting. Before going to college a sense of anxiety prevails in heart since there is a chance of ragging. Of course ragging is a illegal behavior and often considered a crime. Still, I went to college having such a sense. When I entered the college premises, I felt nervous. I was afraid of encountering any rude senior student who might show me ill manner. As I proceeded to our classroom, I saw one my friend. He accompanied me to their classroom. We sat together and attended the first class. The teacher was very friendly who took our introduction. He taught us a little about History. I even came to know that his name was Mr. Das. I didn't attend any more class on that day. As I reached home it was almost 3pm.Thus my first day in College had been very pleasant. 

ARRANGING A PICNIC:

 Almost every person is passionate about picnic. It's a seasonal activity or outing. Every year we go for picnic since winter begins. Usually people go to natural landscape where they can enjoy in nature's lap for a while. They select such places where there is stream, hills, flora and fauna and so forth. It's a way to get momentary relief from everyone's daily routine. It's also a joint adventure or journey. After reaching the spot and taking breakfast, people take part in different activities. As time moves on they move here and there and finally come back to take lunch. Once they take lunch, they feel tired and enjoy gossiping, dancing and such other activities. Then at the end of the day they come back home. 

  

   No Comments

• October 26, 2023 0 $type={blogger}

AMPLIFICATION OR EXPANSION OF THOUGHT.

   October 21, 2023      

The word 'amplify' means to enlarge or to  expand. Amplification 

of ideas means the enlargement of certain thoughts in detail. 



How to start::

1. Read the 'epigram' well. 

2.Arrange thoughts in mind. 

3. Describe  keeping link among sentences. 

4. Write in present tense ( sometimes may use other tense). 




QUESTIONS for Amplification::


1) Rome was not built in a day. 


2) Honesty is the best policy. 


3) Cut your coat according to your cloth. 


4) Charity begins at home. 


5) No pain  no gain. 


6) All the glitters is not gold. 


7) Failures are the pillars of success. 



ANSWER:::



1) ROME WAS NOT BUILT IN A DAY. 


Rome was an ancient prosperous city. It was famous for it's wealth & glory. But it took time
 to make it a prosperous. The continuous efforts of it's countrymen changed it into a  glorious state. They toiled day and night and then developed their country. Similarly, in human life also nothing can be gained easily. Behind every success there is hard work, sacrifice and prolonged perseverance. It is said that hard work is the only key to success. It is seen that many people fail in life due to lack of patience. Whereas some others become successful by virtue of  their relentless hard work. So, we must learn that  one must work hard to be successful in life. 





2)  HONESTY IS THE BEST POLICY::


Honesty is a quality in manner, words, thought and action. It's a virtue and quality. It's very important in everyone's life. Honest people are are respected everywhere. Such people can keep their reputation for long time. They work sincerely and being punctual. So, they take much time to  prosper in life, but such property lasts longer. Where as dishonest people are never sincere and adopt easy or Short cut ways to be successful in life, hence their success is temporary. They forget that success through unfair means does not give them peace & real satisfaction. Even if they are successful, they suffer for their missed today or tomorrow. Therefore we should be honest & teach our children to be truthful in works, words and behavior. 






3) CUT YOUR COAT ACCORDING TO YOUR CLOTHE::



We earn money for livelihood. There is difference in such earning. Everyone's capacity is not same in this world. Personal earning varies from person to person. Similarly daily expenses are also differs from person to person. We may differentiate among the poor, the middle class and the elite and their living standard. All these people are no longer same in earning & living. Similarly, we purchase clothes to make shirt, pent or coat. It depends on our size of physique or body. Purchasing clothes, cutting and sewing must suit ones body. So to live a happy & peaceful life, it is necessary that we should spend money within l our limits and not beyond it. 





4)  CHARITY BEGINS AT HOME::

Charity is a great virtue and quality. It means giving alms or money or things to someone who is needy and helpless. It is seen that one learns such things at home when his or her parents give others. Helping others is a quality or good work which gives us great satisfaction. One who does charity is naturally an honest man. Such persons just give & gives to their friends, relative and the helpless. Without having the sense of honesty, sacrifice and sincerity, one can't be charitable. However, it is seen that some people in the society who suggest others to help others but themselves do nothing. This is hypocrisy. They like preaching rather than doing. Even if they give, they disclose it a hundred times. So, we should help the needy and teach this to our children. 





5) NO PAIN NO GAIN:::

Human life is full of ups and downs. It's never a comfort zone. Everyday there are challenges to face. Everyone come across more adversaries and less prosperities in life. So it is pertinent to continue with struggle against difficulties. Whether he be a student or a cultivator or other professionals, work or labour is compulsory. Only pain and hard work brings success and prosperity.  There are a number of examples in this world that hard work  brought success and prosperity. On the contrary idle persons fail in life. They can never fulfill their wishes. Even if they try, they leave half done or incomplete. Hence its proved that without pain nothing can be gained in life. 





6) ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD::

There are many valuable metals in this earth. One of them is gold. It's bright and yellow in color. It's very valuable. We see a number of look alike metals in the market. They seem to be gold but in reality they are imitation jewelry. Their outward appearance is bright like gold but they are duplicate. Similarly in our society many people are there  who are supposed to be good and honest. They also look learned, talk gently and even behave honestly. But their good manner just for a while doesn't imply their original personally. So before choosing a person s/he should be observed thoroughly.




7)  FAILURES ARE THE PULLERS OF SUCCESS::

Human life is an admixture of failure and success. If one fails at first attempt s/he becomes successful in the second attempt. This is almost the rule of life on earth. As life is full of troubles and difficulties only patience can lead us towards success. In course of struggle, we may fail repeatedly. In spite of that we need to have patience, perseverance, self reliance and believe in the Almighty. We should remember that all the great things of the world took time. They are the results of prolonged effort and patience. Failures make us learn variety of new lessons, which in turn make us more confident. So it is suggested that never give up even if you fail. Just have patience and  go ahead with new hope, for success takes time. 



### These are some important amplifications generally supposed to be important for school level students. 

  

   No Comments

• October 21, 2023 0 $type={blogger}
Subscribe to: Posts ( Atom )